Compare Utilitarianism with the religion that you have...

Compare Utilitarianism with the religion that you have studied Utilitarianism VS Christianity BASIC MAXIM – â€Å"THE GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER† JEREMY BENTHAM – Act Utilitarianism (each action should be judged on its ability to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number) - Devised principle of utility - Established a hedonic calculus to measure pleasure/pain brought about by each action. JOHN STUART MILL – Rule Utilitarianism (rules should be formulated first, based on utilitarian principles. The individual can then judge whether specific acts are acceptable) – Worked for Bentham for many years – Mill distinguished between higher and lower pleasures and†¦show more content†¦Although many Christians would claim that ones Conscience is the foundation of knowing what one ought to do in so far as obeying God, in the end, the decision to act in certain ways is clearly based on the belief that in doing so positive outcomes, leading to increased pleasure, will result. - For example, in Deuteronomy 28:1-68 God issues to the Israelites, via Moses, commandments which had positive consequences if they were obeyed (pleasure) and negative consequences if people disobeyed (pain). - The Bible is very clear that pursuit of pleasure for its own sake can lead one into sin. - One of the best examples of the principle of utility in the Bible is Jesus willingly giving up his life and going to death on the cross where he would endure extreme torture and suffering. So despite his immediate suffering, obedience to God and the positive benefits that his death would bring to the world were considered far greater by him than disobedience (or, obedience would bring both himself and the world greater happiness than disobedience). - The Bible seems to be saying that obedience to God is the means by which people attain a real sense of satisfaction (or pleasure) in their life. - Devotion to God based on Utilitarian principles can also be seen in the

Just Enough Anxiety The Hidden Driver Of Business Success

Just Enough Anxiety: The Hidden Driver of Business Success is a book written by the former CEO and Chairman of Healthy Companies International Robert H. Rosen. The book aims to educate the reader that anxiety is a normal part of life, however it is important to harness that anxiety into a secret weapon that can help individuals become leaders they never imagined they could be. Instead of wasting time and energy fighting off anxiety that is almost unavoidable, it is important to make sure that we have just enough anxiety that can help us thrive in the changing and uncertain business world. This book focuses on a new understanding of anxiety by using a map of steps that will help an individual live and lead in the world of uncertainty and†¦show more content†¦It has become imminent that as a leader we willingly grow ourselves and the company in order to thrive and embrace the changes the organization will face. Leadership roles have become a more complex and challenging role i n the current world. Leaders have to continue to adjust how they operate, because the industry is constantly changing and what works in some industries will not always work in another. This is why it has become important that leaders begin to have an open mind and open heart to change within their organization. Leaders who work with this mindset often avoid problems by exploring various opportunities and taking advantage of many possibilities that will advance the leader and business as well. Being a leader means that not only are you helping the organization but other fellow employees. A huge part of leadership is engaging those you work with and challenge and inspire them to push them to help achieve the organizations missions and goals. Having strong leadership skills means you have to tap into the idea of embracing the unknown and tackling obstacles full force along the way. Anxiety is an illness that has begun to effect a large portions of the American public. According to the author Robert Rosen â€Å"Anxiety is known the most common mental illness in the United States right now,

Project Management and Leadership Hospital Management System

Questions: Task A project management framework is a plan that business leaders devise in order to effectively administer tasks and strategies within an organisation. The project management framework sometimes is called a project control cycle because it lays out the plans for controlling all aspects of the project from finances through to objective-setting. For a project with which you are familiar, you are required to write a report that reviews the project management approach using theoretical concepts, techniques and principles discussed in the recommended textbook for this module as well as in the academic literature on project management and leadership theories. In the report, required to: a. Define objectives of the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ b. Identify the work and how to break it down into smaller tasks c. Estimate time and cost for doing the tasksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨d. d. Sequence and schedule the tasks, determine the critical path e. Optimize the assigning of resources to the tasks f. Review for risks and set the baseline plan Answers: Executive Summary The project management planning for the hospital helps in successful accomplishment of the project. While analyzing the project layout, many risks that are concerned with technology, economy, scheduling as well as operations had arisen. In order to successfully accomplish the task, these risks need to be mitigated during the initial levels of the planning. The loopholes of the project are well studied and worked on for successfully removing it and making the plan successful. Introduction A project is a provisional undertaking that is so designed in order to produces an exclusive and distinct service or product that will be beneficial for an organization undertaking it. Project management can be termed as a well designed and structured method for the successful accomplishment of a project (Bredillet, 2010). Project management includes the maximum application and utilization of skills, techniques and knowledge that are essential for maximum utilization of the resources for fulfilling the business goals. This project includes 5 main procedures that includes instigating, planning, implementing, controlling and supervising and closing. Brignole and Shen (2008) commented on the fact that project management takes into account the cost, scope, time, communications, risk management, human resources, stakeholder management, quality and integration for the successful accomplishment of the project that will help the organization in competing in this competitive world. This repor t will be dealing with the project management for a hospital management system (Community, 2015). This report will be dealing with the objectives of the project, identifications of the work that needs to be done and breaking it down into smaller tasks that will help in accomplishment of the work as a whole. In addition to this, the estimated cost and time is also calculated for accomplishment of the task along with proper sequencing as well as scheduling the tasks for determining the critical path. In addition to this, the optimization of the resources along with reviewing the risks for successful accomplishment of the task is also discussed vividly. This project maintains two levels of users that contain the administrator level and the user level and can find its applicability in any clinics, hospitals, pathology (Eric Kirkland, 2014). This is done in order to maintain the details of the patients as well as maintaining their results of the tests done over there. a) Objectives of the project The main goals that are aimed to be fulfilled by the proposed system are discussed below- 1) Planned advancement towards working- An organization in order to deliver its services in an organized and planned method needs a solid well structured planning report. This report will be containing and storing data that will help in repossession of information whenever required and also stores it for future reference. 2) Accuracy- Gladden (2010) commented on the fact that it is essential to store the information and data of the patients concerning everything very accurately. This is because; the correct data will be ensuring the patients regarding their correct treatment to their problems. 3) Avoiding Redundancy- According to Kapsali (2011) the data need to be stored in a correct and accurate method in order to avoid redundancy of data. This is essential to avoid the interchange and repetitions of the information of the patients among each other. Moreover, it is also essential for assuring the economic usage of the storage space. 4) Reliability- It is essential that the management system to be reliable to the patients in order to gain their loyalty as well as provide them with accurate and correct treatment of their ailments. Kirkpatrick et al. (2011) had an opinion that the proper and methodical storage of the information will be increase the reliability of the system. 5) Immediate data and information storage- Heerkens (2002) had a view that more the system will be systematic and methodical; storage of data will be that much easy and logical in its approach. Manual storage of data and information becomes tough as well as hectic and there ate chances of data missing out. In order to avoid such mishaps, the storage system of information has to be upgraded. 6) Instantaneous retrieval of information- It is essential for an organization to maintain a systematic storage of data and information for retrieving the information immediately whenever required. According to Kodukula (2011) the more the system will be efficient and upgraded as well as systematic, data can be retried that easily. 7) Easily operated- For successful accomplishment of the work, the system needs to be easy to operate. Lai (2014) commented on the fact that the system also needs to be free from complexity so that it can be developed within the petite period of time as well as is well fitted in the given budget of the user. b) Identification of the work and breaking it down into smaller tasks Since this report is dealing with the with the project management plan for a hospital it is essential to remember that the hospital is a place where the patients turn up for diagnosing as well as curing their ailments. A hospital endow with the facilities such as- Consultation with the doctors about the diseases. Diagnosing the diseases (Mehta, 2007). Providing facility for treatment Providing facility to admit the patients if necessary and provides beds, medicines as well proper nursing. Providing facility for immunizing the patients and the children (org, 2015). The operational works that a Hospital involves with are- Keeping a record of the information of the patients that are coming to the hospital. Generation of correct bills. Recording the information that is related to the ailment diagnosis of the patients (Maroge, 2012). Keeping a testimony of Immunization that is provided to the patients as well as children. Maintaining the information regarding the various diseases as well as medicines that are available for curing the patients (Index of 2010 Project Management Journal papers and authors, 2010). There are different jobs that are important and essential and required to be done in a hospital by the concerned staffs and doctors. They are mentioned below- Information regarding the name, gender, age, contact number and address of the patients are jotted down. The bills are so made that shows the prices of the facilities that are provided to the patients that include the nursing, medicines etc. charges by the hospital. These processes are summed up at the end (Maylor, 1996). Information regarding the various diseases along with the concerned doctors and their diagnosis are recorded for any kind of future reference. The records regarding the immunizations that are given to the patients and children are also recorded for future reference (Metacafe, 2015). For this work to flow systematically and logically there is a requirement of the both hardware and software in the computer system for keeping these records automatically in a computer system. According to Wright, 2002) the users need to be computer savvy and knowledgeable at least to access the software, have a keen knowledge regarding the medical field and also need to have a good knowledge in English. Apart from this, there are certain other tasks that also need an immediate concern for the improvement for the organization in order to have a methodical approach. Ward and Chapman (2003) commented on the fact that for the ease of the users, the welcome screen of the hospital contains spaces for both types of customers those are new as well as old customers. Authentication id of the customers is unique and on clicking on it the patients can enter the page where they can book for their regular checkup visits. Moreover, Tladi (2012) had a view that the doctors also have their individua l login id and password for easy access of the page and managing the database. Information such as interaction with the patients, interaction with the ward members and other administrative members are stored that is essential for future reference (Exforsys.com, 2015). For systematic and methodical flow of work, the system needs to be upgraded and logical that are also discussed vividly- Batch System- Shi (2014) commented on the fact that batch system is essential for achieving the goals and sub-goals of the project management. It is a system where processing of the data are done in a periodical basis. A batch system is rather a critical method that helps in sequential storage and processing of the data. This system avoids the idling of the resources through supervision of the data and utilizes the data on the overall basis. Moreover, according to Randolph (2012) this system allows the system for utilizing several priorities that are used for non-interactive as well as interactive work. It therefore reduces the overhead system time since this system runs the program for many transactions only once. Online System- Stommel (2013) had a view that the Hospital Management System also helps in online storage as well as updating of the data and retrieval of the data. This system will be proving helpful to both the doctors and the staff members. As this system doesnt use paper and everything is stored electronically, it makes the work flow more systematically and progressive. Uddin et al. (2014) commented on the fact that this avoids the redundancy of data, maintains the security as well as is reliable and provides accurate data and information whenever required. In addition to this billing system can also be done online that reduces the chances of mistake during calculations. Improved Manual System- According to Zhang et al. (2015) every task in the hospital management system cannot be done on the computerized basis. There are some works such as nursing, checkups hat need to be done systematically and manually. Daily maintenance of the charts regarding the time of giving medicines and visiting of the doctors needs to be manually by the nurses. Naik et al. (2011) commented that allocating the right person for the right jobs makes the work more systematically and efficient. So, good human resource availability is also essential for the hospital management system (Wolfe, 2015). Apart from all these functions, according to Pemsel and Maller (2012) the hospital needs to have sufficient amount of human resources, economic stability, operational aspects that are necessary for the project management of the system. The human resources are essential in the organization for carrying out the work most effectively and efficiently. The human resources consists of doctors, nurses, administrative officers, ward boys etc. essential for giving the maximum satisfaction and treatment to the patients. Petit (2012) commented on the fact that sufficient supply of medicines, injections, machineries and equipments that are essential for treatment and diagnosing the ailments need to be present in the hospital. Moreover, sufficient contracts regarding the supp of life saving drugs, blood need to be present keeping in mind the seriousness of the concerned patients. c) Estimating cost and time for doing the task The feasibility study of the technical, economic, schedule and operational helps in estimating the time and cost for successful accomplishment of the set up of the project management system (Peslak, 2012). This is essential since it focuses on the availability of the resources, needs of the proposed requirements along with impact of the system on the organization. Technical Feasibility- For a methodical and proper conduction of the project, the requirements of modern technology is essential. According to Lu, H. (2014) this takes into account the requirement of both hardware and software for the accomplishment of the work. The hardware requirements are- Cost Hardware Requirements Time 300 DDR3 RAM-16 GB 2 weeks 850 Processor-4th Generation Intel Core Processor-i7 2.5 weeks 560 Hard Disk Space- 500 GB 2 weeks 250 Motherboard- Asus Maximus 7 Ranger 2 weeks The software requirements are- Software Requirements Time Operating System- Windows 8 or Windows 7 3 weeks DBMS- BD Solo 3.0 3 weeks MS office, Adobe Reader 1 week The estimated cost for installation of the software is nearly 600 since the system apart from containing the above mentioned software also has an original antivirus that helps in protecting the data from outside virus attacks. Periodical up gradation and maintenance cost of the hardware and software is also essential, so cost incurred for that need to be kept. According to Pmi.org, (2015) VB 6.0 is also essential since it is platform independent, have an excellent printing support as well as reporting features. For the back end tasks, MS Access is essential for efficient maintenance and retrieval of information, easy installation and supports various drivers. Moreover, Knopfel (2014) had a view that technical cost is essential for the project management since it is one of the most important and vital part of the organization that helps in making the project successful in every aspect. Economic Feasibility- Economical stability is essential for every organization as it is the bottom line of every project. According to Kerzner (2001) the economic strength of the project helps in understanding how far the project will be undergoing the risks and providing services to the patients and will be effective in their service. In this study, the areas of concern are- the cost of conducting the proposed plan in a systematic way, the hardware and software costs that are essential for application of the work in the planned way and the benefits of reduced costs. Alamgir et al. (2014) commented on the fact that for setting up the project successfully huge amount of money is not essential but the main thing that is required is the logical economic expenditure. This economic planning also includes the amount of human resource that the organization can consider for the successful carrying out the work. Moreover, Dalcher (2011) had a view that this section also includes the budgeting of the organization that is essential for accomplishment of every task in the organization. This includes the cost of raw materials, cost of medicines, and cost of other requirements that are essential for the setting up of the hospital project management (Jiscinfonet.ac.uk, 2015). Operational Feasibility- The operational feasibility takes into account the well organization of the human resources and other political aspects. It includes the costs that are related to the overall operation of the organization including the workflow of the employees as well as devices. According to Deeprose (2002) this includes the requirement of changes that are essential for the system, the organizational set up and the process of operational flow of the doctors, nurses, ward boys and other administrative people. In addition to this, training to these employees and doctors are essential to be given that also incurs some cost that takes into account the operational costs. Doloi (2011) had a view that the operational costs are essential to be taken under consideration since it is essential for estimating the fixed costs as well as variable costs for the successful running of the organization. It also includes the business overhead cost, operating costs of the equipments that exten ds to the re t payments, salaries, wages, cost of raw materials, fuel costs and office supplies (Brighthub Project Management, 2015). Scheduling Feasibility- According to Dixon (2010) scheduling feasibility is essential as time is one of the most important factor that need to be considered for the successful development of the project. It is essential for the full utilization of the resources within the specified period of time. This also includes the external environment as well as internal environment that need to be considered for the benefits and profitability of the project management. In addition to this, Meng and Gallagher (2012) commented on the fact that it includes the project estimation, CPM, change management, Gantt Charts for completing the work within the scheduled time and taking into account the resources. This Gantt chart will be helping in the amount of time that is required for the successful completion of the project (Constraints, 2015). The Gantt chart is essential for showing the activities that are conducted in the estimated time. According to Brignole and Shen (2008) it helps in tracking and scheduling the project work effectively through pictorial representation. This allows in understanding the different activities, the starting and ending of different activities, extent of the different activities, overlapping areas of activities as well as the starting time of the project and the ending time of it. The time taken by each of the activities is specified by the bars that also indicates the starting time as well as the ending time of the tasks. It considers the two attributes namely the schedule as well as the activities. Figure 1: Gantt chart (Source: Pinto, 2014, pp. 381) d) Sequencing and scheduling the tasks and determining the critical path The Critical path Method (CPM) is essential in project management for planning the process that includes the critical as well as non critical tasks along with time frames. Eric Kirkland (2014) commented on the fact that it consists of the list of activities along with the time duration and dependencies between the activities essential for completing the task in the given period of time. Figure 2: Critical Path Method (Source: Peslak, 2012, pp. 40) Activity Predecessors Tasks A - 2 B - 3 C B 1 D A,C 3 E D 8 F C 1 G F 6 H F 3 I B 7 J H,E,G 2 The red line denotes the critical path and has 8 activities where activities A and B are independent. The critical path is B - C - D - E - J. The CPM helps in understanding the length of the complex project and is an essential tool of project management. Zwikael (2014) had a view that this CPM helps in understanding the expected completion of each of the task for the easy flow of the completion of the project. This gives the accurate estimation of the minimal actual time required for the completion of the project along with the cost required for the completion of the work. e) Optimizing the resources to the tasks Resource optimization is essential since it helps in utilization of the resources to the maximum extent for the most suitable output required for the successful completion of the work. According to the view point of Gladden (2010) the optimization of the resources is required at the time when the demand of the business is greater than the available resources. Optimization does a large work within the given time frame and budget by nominal usage of resources. For the effective usage of the resources, the project requires the following- The vision need to be shared in order to achieve a common goal set up the organization. Elimination of multitasking helps in successful utilization of resources. The phases of operations need to be supervised carefully. Recognition of constrains so that protection can be given by a barrier of time. A statistical control of the process that helps in statistical investigation of expenditure of project safeguard. A company when is managed through Intelligent management, then optimization of the resources is done strictly for fulfilling the vision of the company. According to Kodukula (2014) initially objectives are set according to the mission and vision of the organizations. Depending on the character of the resources and constraints, the resources are allocated according to the mission of the organization. Zwikael (2014) commented on the fact that commitment towards the optimization of the resources helps the organization in staying focused as well as productive in this competitive changing environment. An efficient usage of the resources also helps in sharing a common goal for the successful achievement of the project. It also increases the effectiveness and efficiency in the tasks by eliminating multitasking. In addition to this, Eric Kirkland (2014) had a view that optimization of resources also helps in managing the operational phases of the project. A statistical analysis also helps in effective management of the project. By doing this, we can understand the gaps between the full optimization of the resources. This results in filling up the gaps by the recommended actions. f) Reviewing the risks and setting the baseline plan Management of the risks is essential for any project management planning. According to Davidson Frame (2014) this is essential to understand the risks of the technology, economy, operational as well as scheduling during the management planning of a project. Baseline plan helps in mitigating the risks caused by the above mentioned risks to optimize the resources and make the project management plan flourishing in its achievement. Heerkens (2002) commented on the fact that reviewing these risks help in understanding the loophole within the organization and also help in solving those loopholes for the successful implementation of the organizational management project. Mitigating the technical risks- With the technological development and advancement, the risks complying with it are the periodic up gradation of the software used in the project management system. Kodukula (2011) had a view that in order to deal with the technical risk, a risk baseline is thereby established that helps in improving and expanding the implementation of risks management. In order to reduce the technical risks, periodic up gradation is essential along with implementation of modern software for executing the task simply and in a well mannered way. Mitigating the economic risks- According to Kirkpatrick et al. (2011) economical condition of the project is essential to acknowledge for mitigating the economic risks. Periodic analysis of the monetary conditions along with proper budgeting helps in getting a clear idea of the economic condition of the project. It also helps to understand the economic stability of the organization as well as help to understand the expenditure of the project that is essential for estimating the project accomplishment. Mitigating the operational risks- Kapsali (2011) commented on the fact that the operational risks is essential to know in order to understand the risks that may arise due to the overall operations of all the resources. This need to be reduced in the staring phases of the operation that will be helping in proper channeling of the project and the resources will be utilized properly and up to the maximum level. Mitigating the scheduling risks- Davidson Frame (2014) commented that scheduling is essential for the project management planning as it helps in development and arrangement of the project work methodically. Risk may arise due to problems while scheduling the tasks among the resources. This need to be reduced in order to complete the work methodically since the hamper of the work in between the scheduling can obstruct the successful implementation of the project planning. So, according to Brignole and Shen (2008) mitigation of the scheduling need to be reduced since it affects the supply chain as well as the production or services. This need to be reduced during the initial phases of the work as continuing the scheduling risks can cause the damage in the work schedule. Recommendations In this report it is seen that for the project management planning of a hospital, there are several issues that need to be taken care off in order to successfully accomplish the project. There are certain problems that also arise due to the planning, so careful steps need to be taken for reducing these risks to the maximum level for the successful accomplishment of the work. The proper usage of modern technology help in making the planning executed in much more sophisticated as well as systematic way. The risks accompanied with project management system need to be reduced to a considerable extent that will help the management planning in a much systematic way. Time scheduling need to be done keeping in mind the removal of the obstructions caused due to the risks that can arise while implementing the project planning. Conclusion The project management system of the system comprises of the set up for the whole system in a most effective and productive way for the successful accomplishment of the goals for which it is set up for. The system is so made that it stores the data of the patients, doctors, ailments, and vaccinations etc. that help in future reference. Moreover, while analyzing the project requirements, several risks also came into existence that needs immediate attention to get solved for the successful accomplishment of the work. In addition to this, the opportunities that make the project successful also need special attention that also helps in successful completion of the project. The resources present also need to be utilized to the optimum for successful accomplishment and execution of the project planning. References Alamgir, M., Parvin, R. and Khan, M. (2014). Tragedy in Savar: Management of Victims in Enam Medical College Hospital. J Enam Med Col, 4(1). Bredillet, C. (2010). Mapping the dynamics of the project management field: Project management in action (part 6). Project Management Journal, 41(2), pp.2-4. Brighthub Project Management, (2015). How to Review Structure and Sequence of Project Tasks. [online] Available at: https://www.brighthubpm.com/project-planning/3942-effectively-reviewing-the-structure-and-sequence-of-your-project-tasks/ [Accessed 15 Feb. 2015]. Brignole, M. and Shen, W. (2008). Syncope Management From Emergency Department to Hospital. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 51(3), pp.284-287 Community, T. (2015). Project Management - Task sequence within Projects | Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware :: Development. [online] Dev.tiki.org. Available at: https://dev.tiki.org/Project+Management+-+Task+sequence+within+Projects [Accessed 15 Feb. 2015]. Constraints, P. (2015). Project Management: How to Define Project Constraints - For Dummies. [online] Dummies.com. Available at: https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/project-management-how-to-define-project-constrain.html [Accessed 10 Feb. 2015]. Dalcher, D. (2011). The Oxford handbook of project management. Project Management Journal, 42(5), pp.93-93. Davidson Frame, J. (2014). Reconstructing Project Management. Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.e2-e2. Deeprose, D. (2002). Project management. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Dixon, G. (2010). Service learning and integrated, collaborative project management. Project Management Journal, 42(1), pp.42-58. Doloi, H. (2011). Understanding stakeholders' perspective of cost estimation in project management. International Journal of Project Management, 29(5), pp.622-636. Eric Kirkland, C. (2014). Project Management: A Problem-Based Approach. Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.e3-e3. Exforsys.com, (2015). The Three Constraints of Project Management | IT Training and Consulting Exforsys. [online] Available at: https://www.exforsys.com/career-center/project-management/the-three-constraints-of-project-management.html [Accessed 15 Feb. 2015]. Gladden, R. (2010). Managing project uncertainty. Project Management Journal, 41(3), pp.100-100. Heerkens, G. (2002). Project management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Index of 2010 Project Management Journal papers and authors. (2010). Project Management Journal, 41(5), pp.91-92. Jiscinfonet.ac.uk, (2015). A 5 step risk management model. [online] Available at: https://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/infokits/risk-management/five-step-model/ [Accessed 10 Feb. 2015]. Kapsali, M. (2011). 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Surgical Management of Symptomatic Cholelithasis in Rural Medical College. IJAR, 3(2), pp.248-250. Pemsel, S. and Maller, R. (2012). The governance of knowledge in project-based organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 30(8), pp.865-876. Peslak, A. (2012). Information Technology Project Management and Project Success. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 3(3), pp.31-44. Petit, Y. (2012). Project portfolios in dynamic environments: Organizing for uncertainty. International Journal of Project Management, 30(5), pp.539-553. Pinto, J. (2014). Project management, governance, and the normalization of deviance. International Journal of Project Management, 32(3), pp.376-387. Pmi.org, (2015). What is Project Management? | Project Management Institute. [online] Available at: https://www.pmi.org/About-Us/About-Us-What-is-Project-Management.aspx [Accessed 15 Feb. 2015]. Randolph, S. (2012). Fundamentals of Project Management, Fourth Edition. Project Management Journal, 43(4), pp.81-81. Randolph, S. (2014). Maximizing Project Value: A Project Manager's Guide. Project Management Journal, 45(2), pp.e2-e2. Shi, T. (2014). Benchmarking the financial performances and responses of full-service restaurant industry during the recent recession. [Pomona, [Calif.]: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona]. Stommel, E. (2013). Reference-dependent preferences. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Tladi, K. (2012). Evaluating the facility manager's role in project design. Uddin, M., Islam, M. and Yesmin, K. (2014). Knowledge on Hospital Waste Management among Senior Staff Nurses Working in a Selected Medical College Hospital of Bangladesh. Journal of Waste Management, 2014, pp.1-5. Ward, S. and Chapman, C. (2003). Transforming project risk management into project uncertainty management. International Journal of Project Management, 21(2), pp.97-105. Wolfe, L. (2015). What Is a Feasibility Study And Why Are They So Important?. [online] About.com Money. Available at: https://womeninbusiness.about.com/od/businessplans/a/feasibilitystud.htm [Accessed 15 Feb. 2015]. Wright, J. (2002). Effective Project Management. International Journal of Project Management, 20(8), p.633. Zhang, D., Savage, C., Li, X. and Liu, B. (2015). Data-Driven CT Protocol Review and ManagementExperience From a Large Academic Hospital. Journal of the American College of Radiology. Zwikael, O. (2014). Call for papersSpecial Issue on Project Benefit Management . International Journal of Project Management, 32(4), p.543.

Various Genetic Disorders Essays - Cytogenetics,

Various Genetic Disorders Various Genetic Disorders Alterations in human chromosomes or the deletion of an important gene product are often due to a mutation, which can spring an abundant strand of genetic mutations and improper coding. Mutations can spring from deletion, duplication or inversion of a chromosome. This improper deletion is the factor that leads to complications and ultimately genetic disorders. Turner Syndrome and Cat-cry Syndrome are both alterations of chromosome structure due to deletion. In Turner Syndrome, there is a missing X chromosome and in the Cat-cry Syndrome chromosome-18 has been lost or deleted. Other genetic disorders that give rise to discussion are point mutations which include Sickle cell anemia, Maternal PKU and the genetic disorder of The D1 Trisomy syndrome. Turner Syndrome was described first by Turner in 1938 (Jack H. Hung 1989 p.45) and it was established that this disorder was due to the deletion of an X chromosome in 1959 by Ford, Jones, Polani, de Ameida and Briggs. The most predominant traits of those who have this disorder consist of being short, having neck webbing with a low hairline and having a widely spaced chest. Turner Syndrome disease is not a fatal disease as long as there is management of possible heart problems and ovarian dysfunction. Early support and counseling are the key in dealing with psychological problems that may arise such as infertility and potential hearing loss. Cat-cry Syndrome is another deletion disorder in which inhibitor survives quite well. Lejeune recognized this disorder in 1964 and he gave it the official name of La Maladie du Cri-du-Chat. The physical characteristics are evident in this disorder. There is a round moon-face, a low birth weight and a transverse palmar crease. When infants are born, it is their cry that stands out the most. It embodies a plaintive high-pitched wail, weak, and with a hint of stridor that sounds like that of a cat (Valtine 1969 p.113). This cry is the result of small vocal cords and a curved epiglottis. As these infants grow older their voice will eventually deepen and become more normal. The chromosome deletion is part of the short arm of a B group chromosome. It seems that the deletion comes about as a chance mishap, a break and then a loss at anaphase (Valtine 1969 p.114). Sickle cell disease is another disorder but is not caused by the deletion of a chromosome. Instead there is an abnormal type of hemoglobin S that is inherited as an autosomal inherited trait. This disease produces chronic anemia, which may become life threatening when hemolytic crises (the breakdown of redblood cells) or aplastic crises (bone marrow fails to produce blood cells) occur (http://www.wcu.edu/library/online/index.htm). The incidence of this disorder is 1/400 African Americans and 8/100,000 people. The manifestations of this disease are a result of the fragility and inflexibility of the sickle red bloodcells. When exposed to a lack of water, infection, and low oxygen supply, these delicate red blood cells take the shape of a crescent. This then causes blood cell devastation and thickening of the blood. Sickle cell anemia has the potential to be life threatening and can affect other body systems and parts of the body. Those included are the nervous system, bones, the kidneys and the liver. Maternal PKU is a genetic disorder that stems from point mutation. 1/15,000 people fall victim to the disorder. Phenylketonuria (PKU) has been shown as a cause of retardation in infant fetuses. Children in the fetus begin with a normal amount of phenylalanine hydroxylase but are affected by the mother's elevated phenylalanine level due to the imbalance of prenatal amino acid (Kenneth Lyons Jones, M.D. 1988). Mental deficiency is clearly evident in disorder and usually consists of I.Q.s of 50. There are frequent mild manifestations of dysfunction and there are mild characteristics of a round face, thin upper lip, a small upturned nose and a deformed maxilla. Occasional abnormalities that are frequently associated with this disorder are sacral spine anomalies, cleft lip and irritability. The D1 Trisomy Syndrome is a very rare hideous disease that occurs during the time of infancy. Only just over a dozen cases on record. This diagnosis can often be made at birth due to the consistent abnormalities. The baby is frail, puny, and

Macbeth Essays (757 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays

Macbeth Essays (757 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays Dunn English IV 11/6/15 There have been many heroes though time, but not all of them tragic. William Shakespeares story of Macbeth, being about a war hero whom receives titles from his feats. Macbeths role is a tragic hero corrupt by greed, and his misfortune only grows. Macbeth is visited by three witches who come to him and give him prophetic-like news. They tell him he will become Thane of Cawdor and King. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, however, are not content with his new title of Thane, and plot to kill Duncan (the current king). However situations go a bit amiss. In the plans to ensure their own success, continue murdering, they dig themselves into a whole they wont be able to get out of. When Macbeth hears his destiny from the three witches he is still a noble man. Its when he is the rewarded the title that he is now Thane of Cawdor, that he becomes a tragic hero and is blinded by dark ambition. He and Lady Macbeth decide to kill Duncan, He is about it: the doors are open; and the surfeited grooms do mock their charge with snores: I have druggd their possets, that death and nature do contend about them, whether they live or die.(Shakespeare 50) The deed is to be done; Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are ready to place the blame of Duncans murder on his own guards. However at this point Macbeth is wavering and begins to feel the guilt of what he is done. As he expresses, I am afraid to think what I have done; look ont again I dare not.(Shakespeare 55) Macbeth is currently unable to face the weight of what he has done. Yet, his guilt begins to fade, as he grasps for what he wants. As Macbeth shouldve intended his ambitious plans go awry, even if at first the murder circumstances go his way. People begin to talk of Macbeth becoming king, Thriftless ambition, that wilt ravin up thine own lifes means! Then tis most like the sovereignty will fall upon Macbeth.(Shakespeare 73) Since Duncans sons fled theyve been blamed, and Macbeth will be the one to gain the throne. However Banquo begins to suspect Macbeth, Thou hast it how: king, Cawdor, Glamis, all, as the weird women promised, and, I fear, thou playdst most foully fort.(Shakespeare 77) Banquo, having been present when the witches visited Macbeth, now suspects Macbeths sudden good fortune. Now Macbeth will only grow desperate. Macbeth makes the choice to continue murdering so that he may ensure what he has worked, and killed for. So he comes to the conclusion that he must kill Banquo, For certain friends that are both his and mine, whose loves I may not drop, but wail his fall who I myself struck down; and thence it is, that I to your assistance do make love, masking the business from the common eye for sundry weighty reasons.(Shakespeare 85) Macbeth wishes to do away without losing the people close to him if they learn the identity of the murderer(s). Macbeths mind has been made, It is concluded. Banquo, thy souls flight, if it find heaven, must find it out to-night.(Shakespeare 87) Macbeth feels he will finally be free of Banquo. However Macbeths decision to continue murdering was all in vain. Macbeth sent murderers to kill Banquo so the one person suspicious of his action would be dead. However Banquos son, Fleance escapes. As the murderers discover, Theres but one down; the son has fled.(Shakespeare 95) Making Fleance someone who now knows of Macbeths actions and may expose Macbeth. However in the end, during battle, Macbeth meets his end to Macduff. As said, Hail, king! For so thou art: behold, where stands the usurpers cursed head: the time is free.(Shakespeare 192) Macduff has no freed everyone of Macbeth and his rule as king. In route of their own dark Macbeth and Lady Macbeth dig themselves into a whole they wont be able to get out of. However Macbeth beginning was as a noble man. A hero, in fact, but all of that was gone when he lost sight of which he was though greed. In his greed to become king he killed many, including his best

What Are the 7 Principles of Design

What Are the 7 Principles of Design SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re taking any of AP Art courses, like 2-D or 3-D studio art, you absolutely have to understand the core principles of design. That’s because the elements and principles of design are a foundational element of great art! In this article, we’re going to teach you everything you need to know about the seven principles of design, including: An overview of the principles of design An introduction to key concepts An in-depth look at each of the principles one-by-one Three top tips for incorporating these principles into your own work Let’s get started! What Are the Principles of Design? If you’ve ever played a sport, then you know that there are some fundamental rules that you have to follow if you want to be successful. For example, if you play soccer, then you know that one of the rules is that you have to kick the ball into the opposing team’s goal in order to score a point! While you don’t have to follow this rule- your team could just kick the ball to one another for 90 minutes- you’ll have a much better chance of winning if you do. The principles of design are a lot like the rules of a sport. That’s because the principles of design are the rules and principles that artists and designers use to create visual compositions. Artists use these principles to make sure whatever they’re making accurately and effectively delivers their intended message to their audience. 2Key Concepts: Visual Language and Design In order to understand the principles of design, you first have to have a handle on two key concepts: visual language and design in general. Visual language is the idea that we communicate through visual symbols. For example, take a look at the clothes you’re wearing. Do they have a logo on them, like the Nike â€Å"swoosh† or the Ralph Lauren â€Å"polo pony†? If they do, you’re participating in visual language! Visual language is the way that designers and artists communicate messages and meaning through their work. They can use things like colors, lines, and shapes to make you feel or think a certain way. And since this is the ultimate goal of design, it’s important to understand how visual language works! The second key concept is the definition of design itself. You probably hear the term thrown around a lot, whether it’s about the design of the newest Tesla car or the launch of a new designer clothing label. But when it comes to principles of design, the term â€Å"design† has a very specific definition. In this case, design is the process of selecting and organizing elements or components in order to fulfill a specific purpose. This purpose may be functional, aesthetic, or both! So when we talk about design in this article, we’re specifically talking about how design elements are used to support the artist’s ultimate goal, whether that’s marketing a product, telling a story, or creating the next great artistic masterpiece. What Are the Principles of Design Used For? Artists use the principles of design to make sure that the work they’re creating...well, works. For instance, let’s say a graphic designer is supposed to create a poster for a presidential candidate. It’s going to be really important for the designer to use the principles of design during their design process to ensure the finished poster is visually communicating the right message to potential voters. The same holds true for fine art, too. Artists paint, sculpt, and create in order to communicate with their viewers. Let’s say an artist is worried about how much Americans consume on a daily basis. That may become the subject of their work, and they’ll pay close attention to how their finished piece speaks to viewers about issues of capitalism. (A good example of how opinions on topics like consumerism and capitalism can be expressed through fine art is the painting â€Å"Landscape,† by American painter Mark Tansey.) On the flip side, these principles are also used to determine whether a piece of art is a success or failure. When a visual composition uses the principles of design well, it will succeed in fulfilling its purpose (whatever that purpose might be). But just because a work is successful doesn’t mean you have to like it. That’s because liking or disliking a visual piece involves your personal taste. The difference between the principles of design and taste is important. As an artist, it's important to separate your work from taste. This is true for many commercial artists, where their clients’ tastes might not reflect their own. Even fine artists need to be able to do this so that they aren’t conforming their art to others’ tastes. For a critic, the separation helps them make better judgements. While there’s no real objective way to critique art, the principles of design provide a kind of rubric for assessing whether a piece of art functions. It might make more sense to think of this in terms of baking. Let’s say you’re judging a cookie baking contest, and when you go to taste one cookie, it’s actually a small, round pizza. The baker argues that you should consider it a cookie: it’s small, flat, round, and baked in an oven. But just because the pizza lines up with the qualifications of a cookie in some ways, it’s missing some other important criteria: it’s not sweet, it’s not cake-like, and it’s certainly not dessert. At the end of the day, a pizza just isn’t a cookie. The seven principles of design work the same way. Critics can use them as a measuring stick for art. If the goal of art is to communicate a message, then the fundamentals of design give critics a way of checking whether an art piece does so effectively. For critics, the seven principles of design also help ensure they aren’t labeling works as â€Å"bad† just because they don’t suit their personal tastes, too. The 7 Principles of Design: Explained Now that you’re familiar with the ideas behind the principles of design, let's take a closer look at each of the seven principles. How an artist uses these elements is important to the overall quality and effectiveness of their work. One quick note: if you Google the principles of design, you’ll find lists that feature five, six, or even eleven principles! That’s because there’s not 100 percent consensus on what the fundamental principles of design are. So to create our list, we picked the principles that appeared the most often across the widest variety of sources. Ginevra de'Benci by Leonardo da Vinci Principle 1: Contrast Just like in literature, visual contrast happens when different elements of a piece are noticeably different from one another. When contrasting elements are juxtaposed, or place next to one another, it draws the viewer’s attention. One of the common ways artists do this is by using contrasting colors close to one another. (These are colors that appear on opposite sides of the color wheel from one another.) But this can also be done through the size or types of objects, too. Take a look at Leonardo da Vinci’s work, Ginevra de’ Benci, pictured above. Notice the contrast of the woman’s skin against the dark background of the trees. Da Vinci uses contrast to draw your eye to what he considers to be the most important part of the piece- the woman’s face. Jurassic Park/Universal Pictures Principle 2: Emphasis Emphasis is important for helping viewers see the most important part of a visual design. Oftentimes, we don’t notice emphasis when it’s done well...but it definitely stands out when it’s done poorly! For example, think about the billboards you see when you drive down the highway. The best ones put the most important information in big, bold letters, or use a related image to capture your attention. But when the type is too small or the images are too cluttered, the advertisement doesn’t work as well. The movie poster for Jurassic Park is a great example of emphasis. It puts the most important information front-and-center: from a glance, you know that title and opening date of the movie. But the prominent outline of a skeleton also gives you a pretty good idea of what the movie is going to be about. (Spoiler alert: it’s about dinosaurs!) It’s important to note that emphasis is closely linked to other principles of design. For example, the Jurassic Park poster uses contrast and space to create emphasis. Other posters, like this one for Gravity, use movement, space, and contrast to do the same thing. Principle 3: Pattern Pattern happens when an object, image, or symbol is uniformly repeated throughout a visual composition. Anything can be turned into a pattern, though some classic examples include intersecting lines, shapes, and spirals. Patterns can do many things for a design. It can set the tone for the piece, like if the background features a 70s mod pattern or a repeating image, like an animal. A pattern can also set the stage for other design elements, like contrast or emphasis. In the image above, you can see how the star pattern combines with contrast to reveal a patriotic star, which becomes the emphasis of the advertisement. Principle 4: Repetition In design, repetition is used to unify and strengthen a design. Unlike a pattern, where one thing is repeated consistently throughout a design, repetition is the repeated use of certain elements, like color, shape, or font. When repetition is used correctly, it creates consistency in a design. As a brand, Target Stores are famous for their use of repetition. They use color repetition to help viewers immediately associate an advertisement with their store. A good example of this is the advertisement above, which uses the repetition of colors and shapes (the concentric circles of the Target logo) to reiterate their brand. Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh Principle 5: Movement It can seem strange to talk about movement when some visual compositions are still images. But movement as a principle of design is about the movement of a viewer’s eye across a work. Good art leads the viewer from one important element to the next. If a viewer’s eye tends to get stuck in one place, it’s a sign that some of the principles of design aren’t working quite right! Using movement as a part of your design process has an added benefit: it helps viewers feel connected to what they’re seeing. Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh is an excellent example of movement in action. In this painting, the swirls of color in the sky carry the viewer’s gaze from left to right, which makes you feel like you’re experiencing the night breeze. But on a mechanical level, Van Gogh’s brush strokes create movement, too. The sweeping lines on the mountains, for example, help[ bring your eye to the village, and following the vertical lines on the plant in the foreground return your gaze back to the sky. Steve Jobs Tribute by Jonathan Mak Principle 6: Space In design, space refers to the area around different visual elements. There are two types of space: positive space and negative space. Positive space is the area that the subject of the composition occupies. If you go back to da Vinci’s portrait above, you’ll see that the woman occupies a lot of the portrait’s positive space. As a designer, you use positive space to display the most important elements of your design. On the other hand, negative space- which is sometimes called â€Å"white space†- is the space around objects! If you look back at the Jurassic Park poster, all of the black surrounding the central image and the other copy is a textbook example of negative space. Negative space can be tricky for designers since it seems empty, but it’s actually helping to create emphasis. It helps viewers quickly discern what’s important while also giving a design â€Å"room to breathe.† Positive and negative space work together to create emphasis and visual appeal. Check out the piece above by graphic designer Jonathan Mak, which he made as a memorial to Steve Jobs after his death. He plays with the negative space of the Apple logo, turning the normal bite mark into the profile of the company’s late founder. Principle 7: Balance Now it’s time to talk about the last (but perhaps most important) principle of design: balance. Every element in a visual composition carries weight. The more an element is emphasized, the heavier it is. A designer’s goal is to balance the weight of each object on the canvas in order to create a feeling of balance for the viewer. There are two ways to do this: through symmetrical balance and through asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance adds objects to both sides of the center of a work to create symmetry. You can think of this as balancing a set of old-timey scales. You have to add the same amount of weight to each side to keep them level! Asymmetrical balance happens when objects and elements aren’t spread evenly across the composition, but how they’re placed creates a sense of balance anyway. Oftentimes, asymmetrical balance helps create a sense of movement and draws your eye from one element to another. In the photo above, you can see asymmetrical balance at work. The hand and donut are in the bottom of the image, and there’s no identical image at the top! The balance here comes from the amount of negative space in the photo. By limiting the emphasized image to a small part of the picture, the photo maintains its balance. The 3 Best Tips for Using the Principles of Design So how can you use the principles of design in your own work? Here are our three top tips for using principles of design to take your art to the next level. Tip 1: Embrace Negative Space Like we mentioned earlier, it’s tempting to fill up every corner of a composition with something. After all, we often think of space as â€Å"wasted,† right? But remember: negative space is incredibly important to helping the more important elements of a work shine. A good way to do this is to follow the advice of Coco Chanel, the famous French fashion designer, who famously said: â€Å"Before you leave the house, look in the mirror and take one thing off.† Take a step back and look at your composition. Is there something you can take off, shrink, or move that will help create more balance and space in your work? Tip 2: Rethink the Axis of Symmetrical Balance When it comes to symmetrical balance, we sometimes think about it like a Rorschach test where the balance of an image is either left/right or top/bottom. But in fact, the axis of balance for a visual composition can bisect the image at any angle. Take a look at the picture above. The line of symmetry is on a diagonal from bottom right to top left. The image is still balanced, but the axis is tilted, which gives the image a lot more visual interest. It also comes across as more modern, too! Tip 3: Take a Step Back When you’re working on a composition, you’re normally pretty up close and personal with it. But that can sometimes skew your perspective of the piece as a whole. That’s why one of the best ways to see if a composition works is to view it from a distance. (This is especially true if your composition is meant to be viewed from a distance, like with a large painting or advertisement.) Backing away from the screen or canvas will blur the elements together and help you get a better sense of whether the contrast, movement, and balance of a piece communicates your message. What's Next? Are you looking for more AP classes to take before applying for college? Here’s a list of every AP class (and test!) But be careful: AP classes can be more challenging than their general education counterparts. Get the inside information on how hard AP classes really are so you can make sure you’re balancing a challenging schedule with making good grades. So what’s the benefit to taking AP courses? Well, most high schools in the United States add points to your final grade to create a weighted average. Learn more about weighted averages and how they affect things like your graduation rank and college admissions chances here.

Argumentation-Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argumentation-Persuasion - Essay Example The author critically provides reason and thought to come up with a conclusion about his position. For example, he analyses the Millennium challenge account by the Bush administration (Zakaria 1). The author then provides both the pros and cons of the strategy. The author addresses an agreeable audience. By providing logic and reasoning on the different options and strategies he presents, the author appears to have an agreeable audience. For every proposition presented, there is a reason and thought towards it. This gets to draw on an agreeable audience for the author. The author applies inductive reasoning to reach the conclusion that America is correct on good government policies, but American policies need improving. The author bases his argument from bottom-up logic. The author analyses specific examples on the strategies in place to end poverty in Africa before arriving to his conclusion. In ‘realism and responsibility’ the author applies various literal techniques that get to assist him to convey his message. The author uses logos and inductive reasoning to communicate to his audience. These techniques assist the author to have a comprehensive and well written

Pepsi Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pepsi Co - Essay Example The sales of the company have reached $30.4 billion according to estimates made in 2010. The intense competition in the market has led the company to take effective and strong measures to improve their financial standing as well as market reputation throughout the world. This is the reason that Pepsi initiates several promotion programs throughout the world every year. They have also reached the whole world to increase their market capacity so that they win the ‘sale-race’ against their mainstream competitor Coca-Cola. The marketing promotions and programs have led the Pepsi Cola Inc to become one of the top competitors of Coca-Cola. Their competitor has although a large market share, but still Pepsi is keep emerging into the market as the mainstream beverages company. The total net revenue of the company in the end of 2010 was $57,838 million, which were quite lesser than the revenue generated by Coca-Cola Inc in the end of 2010. According to the current balance sheet prepared by the company officials in 2011, Pepsi has current assets of $17,834,000 thousands, which is also quite lesser than that of Coca-Cola but the different of assets has decreased compared to the data recorded 5 years ago, and that shows the company growing its business and excelling its competitors. Whereas, the total assets owned by the company are more, i.e. $75,378,000 thousands. The total liability of the company is $51,801,000, whereas total equity of the company is $23,577,000. And the total liabilities and equities of the company is $75,378,000 thousands. Compared to the soft drink sales in 2010 of Coca-Cola’s 1590 million cases, Pepsi was only able to sale 892 million cases, which means that Coca-Cola was able to make more than around 40% of more profit than that of Pepsi. The company’s gross profit margin in 2011 records was 57%. Their current ratio is 1, and cash per share is %1.97. Their cash flow per share is

How might a Christian apply Essay Example for Free

How might a Christian apply Essay Through out Jesus teaching we see that justice, forgiveness and reconciliation are all the most important features of keeping the peace of the world. However war and conflict are two of the most significant issues in todays world and will be for many years to come therefore it is hard for a Christian to ignore this and know what is right or wrong. A current example of this is the international conflict in Iraq between many of the western countries. Blessed are peacemakers for they will be called the children of God. (Mt 5:9) This quotation is showing that a person who forgives and makes peace with any enemies will be rewarded by God although Christians have to live in a world where people often make war against each other. Therefore they have to develop an attitude to war campaigning against war and violence in various ways, using different examples from the scriptures to explain their position and different church teachings to help them through. Christians recognise that war is not compatible with the teachings of Jesus, as they believe in peace, and peace is essential for forgiveness to work. Jesus taught his follower to always love and respect, no matter how hard it may be they should forgive their enemies, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. The principle being that although good does not come from evil, destroying evil allows us to repair the damage and do well. For example, the catastrophic bombs were dropped on Japan and killed thousands, the disaster will never be forgotten but we see that Japan is now one of the most powerful countries in the world and there is peace. Iraq and the Allies were and still are at war. Christians are divided over this war; some believe that there is a moral case for war against Iraq to free the Iraqi people from evil whilst others feel that the people of Iraq are the most affected and something else could have been done to prevent war to reconcile the countries instead. The Pope declared that war is a defeat for humanity and no the way to solve the Iraqi situation, his diplomatic efforts accord with Catholic teachings as a war should be the last resort. However Gaudium et Spes contradicts the Pope, teaching that the war is just to protect the people of Iraq. S and C Danes once stated that, Peace is more than the absence of war. Peace is the effect of righteousness. A just war is one that must be fought but is conducted to certain conditions, they are designed to prevent a war and to limit its effect on people. Christians agree that anyone who engages in war should do so only after every other means have been worn out. In the past there have been many occasions when Christians have fought wars and when Christians countries have fought each other. We see this is wrong because Jesus taught this; A new commandment I give you; to love one another. As I have loved you. Pacifists believe that all war is wrong and support that; for example, Jesus called the Kingdom of God the peaceful solution. Also Lord Donald Sopers pacifism led him to being banned from broadcasting during the Second World War showing that his beliefs and feelings were very strong and he would stand up to what he believed was right, Violence is always wrong and doesnt always create new beginnings and solve problems. In 1980 there was a conflict that arose between Iraq and Iran, America and the West came to the aid of Saddam Hussein in this war, supporting a moderate bulwark against Islam. This war lasted until 1988 and the Iraqi government expected the war debts to be written off as they had justifiably defended the entire Middle East against Islamic radicalism. The Christian response should have been to help aid CAFOD and other Catholic organisations. However, Bishop David Konstant argues No war is just and reconciliation and justice are the only two grounds for true and lasting peace. To be reconciled with God , Christians must be able to forgive and to be reconciled with each other, as there is no peace with out justice and no justice without forgiveness.

Articles of Confederation :: American America History

Articles of Confederation Soon after the Revolutionary War in America, a new government was started when the Articles of Confederation (Articles) were adopted by the Continental Congress. The Articles set up a democratic government that gave the States the power to make their own laws and to enforce them. However, the Articles were ineffective and failed to provide a strong government. During this Critical Period in the history of the United States, regionalism and anarchy were growing because of the following reasons. 1) The Continental Congress controlled public affairs but there was nothing in the Articles that gave Congress the power to enforce laws or unify the States. 2) There was no solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be paid or to protect commerce, both nationally and foreign trade. 3) The country lacked unity and strength because there was no leadership. The Articles were ineffective because Congress only had the power to recommend actions to the States. It could not enforce its recommendations or laws. Each State had its own constitution, monetary system, and means to enforce the law. Each State had a stronger commitment to the State laws and to the State's own self interests than to the recommendations of Congress. Regionalism pitted one State against another, which decreased the sense of unity in the country. For example, when Congress recommended an impost, or duty, on imported goods, the State of Rhode Island voted to reject the idea because they felt it was unfair and was against the constitution of the State (Document A). The Articles failed to provide a solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be paid or to protect commerce. Congress had no way to collect taxes to pay off pre-war debts. This led to chaos and anarchy when soldiers that hadn't been paid marched on Philadelphia, and Congress had to flee to Princeton New Jersey (Document C). Each State had it's own money, but there was no national money system. Since the money had no value from state to state, the people began to use the barter system of trade. This reduced the amount of trade and importation of goods. There was very little economic progress and growth during this period even though the population was increasing. (Document B). Self interest of the States and of individuals added to the cause of the problems. For example, John Jay tried to create a treaty with Great Britain that would have been bad for the merchants of the United States but it would have paid off the war debt.

Auditory Learning Style Essay

Individual differences establish the well-acknowledged concept of the variety of learning styles exhibited by learners. This means that learners are likely to learn differently according to their fortes and preferences. The ability to learn by using one’s auditory capabilities is one learning styles. Students who are more likely to learn through auditory learning styles focus on the things that they hear. Information that they obtain through auditory sounds is more likely to register within their minds, allowing the retention of the information, thus, reinforcing the learning process. Other learning styles include bodily-kinesthetic, visual, social, and such. With this in mind, teachers should be able to realize the need to accommodate these individual differences regarding learning styles in order to teach purposefully and efficiently, realizing the goals and objectives of learning. However, accomplishing this particular motive is not an easy task since teachers themselves have their own learning styles. It becomes a difficult challenge for teachers to accommodate all learning styles when they themselves are inclined to learn by a singular means. For the remainder of this text, the strategies and techniques on how to facilitate the different learning styles exhibited by the students considering I myself display an auditory learning style will be discussed. Since the issue concerns me as a teacher, I believe that the changes or modifications should start from me. Primarily, I should not even consider or dwell on my learning style as it will only contribute to the difficulties of trying to get over the challenges of overlooking all the varied learning styles. The task at hand should focus on understanding the structures and dimensions of each learning style. In this way, I will be able to obtain comprehensive knowledge on how students with unique learning styles are able to learn and from this kind of information, design the teaching-learning or instructional process in order to facilitate the various learning styles. However, the first thing that I should do is to conduct a survey or to observe how my students learn in order to identify the kind of dynamic styles that exist within the learning situation. Perhaps, exhibiting auditory learning style myself would be able to help in achieving my purpose of accommodating the various learning styles of my students. Surveying or understanding their learning needs may be implemented through recitation. This is so, because my own personal learning style permits me to learn most efficiently by hearing, and conducting a recitation to understand their motivations and preferences during the learning process will greatly assist my in my considerations of what they need during the teaching-learning process. In addition, during the learning process, it would help to listen to the students in order to pick up some hidden concerns or complaints that I should be considering in designing the teaching-learning interaction. Responding to the acquisition of knowledge on the variety of learning styles is another challenge that I should be able to conquer. For instance, each lesson or course presented to the learners should be able to incorporate all strategies or techniques that are common to the various learning styles in order to accommodate all the students. For instance, an entire lesson should utilize music for auditory learning styles, iconic materials such as pictures and videos for visual learning styles, practical activities such as demonstrations, role-playing, dramatizations, and such for bodily-kinesthetic learning styles, groupings and social interaction for the extroverted learners, individual work sheets and activities for the introverted learners, etc. The most important thing to consider is to incorporate the requirements or necessities of each learning style, particularly on the instructional materials that are being utilized to facilitate the learning process.

Fashion and Gender Essay

In the western culture, fashion has affected and reflected the distinctions between the social and economical status of men and women throughout the years. From the 19th century on, gender, social understanding of femininity and masculinity, became clearer and more precise. They were identifiable through fashion and clothing and were an important aspect in distinguishing roles of men and women. However, changes in fashion will blur as much as emphasise the differences between gender, evolving in parallel borrowing from one another. Thus, as the constant changes in fashion, the level of differences between men and women varied very so often. Fashion was influencing and defining gender role and gender lifestyle was influencing fashion. Masculine men and feminine women The first signs of gender distinctions appeared at the start of the 19th century following the French Revolution. In addition to separating social classes, fashion now established a clear division between male and female clothing. Men were no longer powdered or perfumed and they got rid of ornaments and wigs, now signifies of femininity. Their clothing was characterized by a restricted use of material, tailored construction, simplified set of surface, uniformity, net and spotless garments, perfect hats and limited color (29 January). According to the trickle-down effect, fashion trends were still created by the upper-classes and were followed by others down the scale (05 February). Then, according to Georg Simmel, two types of males emerged from the middle-class. Dandies were followers of the leisure class and never went against a particular fashion dress code while bohemian were rejecting fashion (05 February). Men of the upper-class are characterized as a Flaneur by Walter Benjamin: â€Å"Empathy is the nature of the intoxication to which the flaneur abandons himself [†¦]† (05 February). The upper-class still needed to follow three rules in order to stay on top and keep the middle-class from rising; the expensive fabric, the lack of movement inflicted by the garment and the novelty of the ensemble (05 February). They conformed to a conspicuous lifestyle with their absence of labour and function in the society, but still in a more subtle way than women in terms of dress (29 January). Indeed, women became a physical display representing the husband’s wealth through fashion, assuring their social rank in the leisure class; the new aristocrats. Important gatherings such as the Grand Prix de Paris were a place where â€Å"one went to the races, as to the theater, partly to look over the women and their apparel† (Hebert, 24). They would wear multiple colors, dresses with pouf skirts, light fabrics, beading and flower ornaments, parasols and other accessories. Women were placed in the forefront with fashion and devoid of any role or power. [†¦] the adornment of both the female person and her environment was an expression of women’s inferior economic power and her social status as a man’s chattel† (Veblen, 91). Unattached and unmarried women were also expected to dressed respectfully and fashionably for the dignity of her family and for future husbands. Lower-level women such as actresses and prostitutes, who were mingling with the upper-class, wore more revealing clothes but still in fashion. Women were thought of as irrational and sensible creatures who adhered to fashion by weakness, to have a sense of belonging. During the 19th century and early 20th century, there is a clear distinction between man and woman fashion. It is reflected in their clothes and in their social status and role in the society. Gender was easily identifiable with the shape formed by the garment. While men wear clean cut, sober and solid suits, holding all the power, the women dress in soft, elaborate and colourful dresses, trophies to the men. ? Fashion upside-down With the start of the World War I, women were now helping out and filling more masculine jobs. Roles were no longer clearly defined according to hysical characteristics. â€Å"Because while war work forced women to life in new social and physical environments, they had to adapt their clothing to unfamiliar activities and spaces† (Matthews David, 101). New technology and new combat techniques meant also a change in menswear. Soldiers had to wear uniforms that hid their masculine forms to allow movement. They replaced their flat and boxy hats with a mo re feminine and round one with leaves and flowers to hide in the trenches. â€Å"A definite outline, a traditionally masculine attribute, proved a deadly handicap in battle† (Matthews David, 97). Upper-class men were traditionally supposed to show their status through clothing. The advent of the war blurred distinctions between classes as both had to participate in the war effort. Men were no longer useless and ineffective in the society, with meant a necessary change in fashion. Restrictions in luxury fabrics, such as silk, fur and ornaments, forced a transformation of men’s masculine and luxurious attire. All men were now wearing jersey fabric clothing, darker earth colours and softer silhouettes. In the early 20th century, there was a eminent need for change in fashion. While men were adopting feminine fashion to survive during the war, women started borrowing the simplified and linear masculine silhouette. â€Å"The flip side of this feminization of the sniper was the much more generalized masculinization of women’s civilian and uniform dress during the war† (Matthews David, 101). They started wearing suits with sober colours to adapt to their more active lifestyle in the warfare. The latter was the start of a changing role in society for women. Before this change, women had no power on fashion or society. They were now needed for labour and they showed to be very efficient. This allowed women to make decisions and have a definite role society. By adopting the masculine look, they gained power. They were no longer considered as an accessory to men. The exchanges of particular characteristics of gender made the distinctions and the differences more blurry. The World War I was a turning point in fashion for both men and women. Shortages of materials transformed clothing; new fabrics emerged, new silhouettes using less fabrics, less ornaments, leaner cuts, suits for women and softer clothes for men. Women were now looking more or less like men with the square suits and linear dresses, requisitioning their roles as women as though the clothes itself hold the power. While men were still the dominant figure, women were revising their position in the public and private sphere. ? Conclusion To conclude, gender is a social perception of masculinity and femininity. Through the 19th and 20th cent ury, both men and women were affected by fashion; gender leading the distinctions. Sexes were defined by gender in the 19th century with the specific trends of clothing for each. Men were wearing clean and linear cuts, showing their boxy figures, while women wore elaborate and frivolous clothes highlighting their silhouette. Roles were also clearly different according to gender. Men held all the power and women served of accessories, displaying the husband’s wealth. The World War I acted as a turning point for men and women. Both were transforming their fashion because of their active lifestyle by adopting each others gender characteristics of fashion. Men softened their figures while women started wearing masculine suits. Gender differences became were blurred and roles redefined; women gained power and all men got functional for the society. Hence, the level of distinction between gender is in constant change. Fashion influences gender roles and gender lifestyle influences fashion. The latter blurs, blends as well as emphasis the social perceptions of what a men and a women is and looks like. Gender continues to affect and reflect distinctions between sexes, both constantly borrowing and exchanging from one another.

Bobby Knight essays

Bobby Knight essays Bobby Knight, arguably the best college basketball coach ever and definitely one of the most controversial coaches ever. With a record of 661 wins and 240 losses at Indiana University as head coach, he ended his career there with a .734 % winning percentage. As I will show you, Bobby may have been controversial but with a record like that, he must have been doing something right and the Indiana Basketball program will never be the same. As Newsweek writer Pete Axthelm puts it, Bobby Knight is a boiling blend of brilliance and loyalty, fanaticism and temper. Frank Deford, a writer for Sports Illustrated magazine, says that Bobby always wanted to be a coach, officially expressing this desire in an autobiography he wrote when he was a junior in high school. Deford describes the especially close relationship between the young Knight and his basketball coach, Bill Shunkwiler. When other kids were hanging out, chasing, Bobby would come by Shunkwilers house and the two of them would sit and have milk and cookies and talk coach talk. After graduating from Ohio State in 1962, Knight was offered two coaching jobs at high schools in Ohio. The most lucrative of these involved coaching both basketball and football. The other offered less salary but was exclusively basketball. Knight chose the latter because, as he later told SI, I thought, if Im going to be a basketball coach I cant be diverted. I wanted vertical concentration. This single-mindedness benefited Knight almost immediately. Within a year he became assistant basketball coach at the United States Military Academy, and two years later, at age 24 he was elevated to head coach; a promotion that, according to Deford, stunned everybody. The youthful coach proceeded to take army, hardly a basketball power according to Time, to 4 National Invitational Tournament playoffs in 6 years. Ending his tenure at ...

Understanding the Bible Belt in the United States

Understanding the Bible Belt in the United States When American geographers map rates of religious belief and regular attendance at places of worship, a distinct region of religiosity appears on the map of the United States. This region is known as the Bible Belt, and while it can be measured in a variety of ways, it tends to include much of the American South.   First Use of Bible Belt The term Bible Belt was first used by the American writer and satirist H.L. Mencken  in 1925 when he was reporting on the Scopes Monkey Trial which took place in Dayton, Tennessee. Mencken was writing for the Baltimore Sun  and used the term in a derogatory way, referring to the region in subsequent pieces with such quotes as the Bible and Hookworm Belt and Jackson, Mississippi in the heart of the Bible and Lynching Belt.   Defining The Bible Belt The term gained popularity and began to be used to name the region of the southern U.S. states in the popular media and in academia. In 1948, the Saturday Evening Post  named Oklahoma City the capital of the Bible Belt. In 1961, geographer Wilbur Zelinsky, a student of Carl Sauer, defined the region of the Bible Belt as one in which Southern Baptists, Methodists, and evangelical Christians were the predominant religious group. Thus, Zelinsky defined the Bible Belt as a region stretching from West Virginia and southern Virginia to southern Missouri in the north to Texas and northern Florida in the south. The region that Zelinsky outlined did not include Southern Louisiana due to its preponderance of Catholics, nor central and southern Florida due to its diverse demographics, nor South Texas with its large Hispanic (and thus Catholic or Protestant) population.   History of the Bible Belt The region known as the Bible Belt today was in the 17th and 18th centuries a center of Anglican (or Episcopalian) beliefs. In the late 18th century and into the 19th century, Baptist denominations, especially Southern Baptist, began to gain in popularity. By the 20th century, evangelical Protestantism could be the defining belief system in the region known as the Bible Belt.   In 1978, geographer Stephen Tweedie of Oklahoma State University published the definitive article about the Bible Belt, Viewing the Bible Belt, in the  Journal of Popular Culture.  In that article, Tweedie mapped Sunday television watching habits for five leading evangelical religious television programs. His map of the Bible Belt expanded the region defined by Zelinsky and included a region that encompassed the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas. But his research also broke the Bible Belt into two core regions, a western region and an eastern region. Tweedies western Bible Belt was focused on a core that extended from Little Rock, Arkansas to Tulsa, Oklahoma. His eastern Bible Belt was focused on a core that included the major population centers of Virginia and North Carolina. Tweedie identified secondary core regions surrounding Dallas and Wichita Falls, Kansas to Lawton, Oklahoma.   Tweedie suggested that Oklahoma City was the buckle or capital of the Bible Belt but many other commentators and researchers have suggested other locations. It was H.L. Mencken who first suggested that Jackson, Mississippi was the capital of the Bible Belt. Other suggested capitals or buckles (in addition to the cores identified by Tweedie) include Abilene, Texas; Lynchburg, Virginia; Nashville, Tennessee; Memphis, Tennessee; Springfield, Missouri; and Charlotte, North Carolina.   The Bible Belt Today Studies of religious identity in the United States continually point to the southern states as an enduring Bible Belt. In a 2011 survey by Gallup, the organization found Mississippi to be the state containing the highest percentage of very religious Americans. In Mississippi, 59 percent of residents were identified as being very religious. With the exception of number two Utah, all of the states in the top ten are states commonly identified as being part of the Bible Belt. (The top 10 were: Mississippi, Utah, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Oklahoma.)   The Un-Bible Belts On the other hand, Gallup and others have pointed out that the opposite of the Bible Belt, perhaps an Unchurched Belt or a Secular Belt, exists in the Pacific Northwest and the northeastern United States. Gallups survey found that a mere 23 percent of Vermont residents are considered to be very religious. The 11 states (due to the tie for tenth place) that are home for the least religious Americans are Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Alaska, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Connecticut, New York, and Rhode Island.   Politics and Society in the Bible Belt Many commentators have pointed out that while religious observance in the Bible Belt is high, it is a region of a variety of social issues. Educational attainment and college graduation rates in the Bible Belt are among the lowest in the United States. Cardiovascular and heart disease, obesity, homicide, teenage pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections are among the highest rates in the nation.   At the same time, the region is known for its conservative values, and the region is often considered to be a politically conservative region. The red states within the Bible Belt traditionally support Republican candidates for state and federal office. Alabama, Mississippi, Kansas, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas have consistently pledged their electoral college votes to the Republican candidate for president in each presidential election since 1980. Other Bible Belt states usually vote Republican, but candidates such as Bill Clinton from Arkansas have sometimes swayed the votes in Bible Belt states.   In 2010,  Matthew Zook and Mark Graham utilized online place name data to identify the preponderance of the word church locally. What resulted is a map that is a good approximation of the Bible Belt as defined by Tweedie and extending into the Dakotas. Other Belts in America Other Bible Belt-style regions have been named in the United States. The Rust Belt of the former industrial heartland of America is one such region. Other belts include the Corn Belt, Snow Belt, and Sunbelt.

Whither information governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Whither information governance - Essay Example Accordingly, in order to more deeply understand these dynamics and the means through which information governance is shifting and continually redefined, the following analysis will focus on defining information privacy, specifying why it is of importance, how privacy can be protected, discussing freedom of information, and how freedom of information can be guaranteed in a world that is increasingly paranoid about access to information and the need to safeguard it. It is the hope of this author that such a level of discussion will be beneficial in providing the analyst a more thorough and nuanced understanding of information governance and the means through which it has evolved and may likely evolve in the near future. For purposes of this brief analysis, this author will consider the identification of â€Å"privacy† as defined by James Moor in his article, â€Å"Towards A Theory of Privacy in the Information Age†. Furthermore, after the analysis of Moor’s particular theory with relation to privacy and how it impacts upon the way that law has grown, expanded, and changed to fit the understood needs of our current era, this author will also seek to provide a bit of commentary on whether one can come to an understanding and rational for such a definition is in keeping with reality or whether it stands to be more concretely or less explicitly defined. As a function of this level of analysis, the analysis can present the prime viewpoints of scholars is that it is necessary to understand privacy within he context of the law more completely prior to delving into the mechanisms through which it can be safeguarded (Sutanto, 2013). Through coming to an understanding of the way that pri vacy law has grown and developed, the reader/researcher can come to appreciate the rules and regulations that serve to protect what many have come to consider a â€Å"fundamental right† (Weston, 1970). One of the main points that the scholars point to with

RBSs Internationalization Models Into Mexico As An Emerging Markets Essay

RBSs Internationalization Models Into Mexico As An Emerging Markets Using Country Of Origin Audit 2038 - Essay Example These are all factors and reasons that have necessitated the need for RBS to look for a new international destination where the company can continue its business in the manner that it has done in the British for years. But for the company to succeed with internationalisation, it is important that a market research will be conducted in the targeted market (Subhash, 2006). This market research proposal begins the process of actual market research of Mexico as an emerging market. When the need to adopt sustainability strategies as a means of avoiding possible decline of a product arises on a given market, there are several modalities that can be used to salvage the situation. Paul, Alan and Arun (2014) mentioned that companies can resort to the use of new product development as a means of responding to this situation. Another solution is internationalisation, which finds an entirely new market base for the product or service (Oviatt and McDougall, 2012). As RBS selects the use of internationalisation, there are some important questions that the company has to answer. These questions form the central problem of the research proposal. The first problem has to do with the country-based factors of Mexico that makes it either conducive or challenging for RBS. There is also the problem of banking industry based factors of Mexico that makes the country either conducive or challenging for RBS’s internationalisation ambition. Finally, there is the problem of s electing the best internationalisation model that meets the current internal position of RBS as well as the external factors the company is faced with as it seeks to enter Mexico. With the identified research problems given above, the market research will be performed with the aim of identifying the best means by which RBS can enter the Mexican market with all opportunities

Parvo Virus in Puppies; Does my Puppy really need it and why Essay

Parvo Virus in Puppies; Does my Puppy really need it and why - Essay Example In this case, the dogs cannot survive where the feces have been dropped anywhere. This makes the disease highly contagious and in the end very risky to the animals. The feaces that contain the virus serve as containers for the virus, and they are transmitted once they get in contact with surfaces such as cages, floors and other objects (Wade, 2). The virus does not discriminate on the dogs that it attacks, but it is highly infectious on puppies that are below four months and have not been vaccinated. However, the disease is more infectious on other breeds such as the Rottweiler and the Doberman pinscher. These breeds also have very severe results when they are infected. The disease also has its own symptoms that identify it. They comprise loss of appetite, fever, bloody diarrhea, lethargy and death after 48 or 72 hours from the day of infection. This shows that the disease is highly dangerous, and it is in the best factor that preventive measures are taken. In any case, when the signs are seen in the animals, more so the puppies, it is wise to see a veterinarian as fast as possible (Kahler, 2). Over the years, veterinarians have diagnosed the disease based on clinical appearances and laboratory tests. In as much as there is no specific drug that can be used to kill the virus and cure the dogs, the treatment of the dog is done in a slow process. This treatment normally starts with primary efforts such as; rehydration since the dog is extremely dehydrated from the diarrhea. This is also done to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Proper cleaning and disinfection of kennels is considered one of the greatest ways of preventing contamination by the virus; thus reducing the risks that come along with the disease. To ensure that the cleaning has been effective, it is always advised that one should contact a veterinarian for advice on

Comparing Structures of the Heart

Comparing Structures of the Heart This exercise was conducted so that the anatomical construction of the cardiac structures would be evident.There were no safety precautions necessary as all dissections were done on line as virtual dissections. Activity 1: Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle Observations: Sketch and label your slide in the space provided. Include a description of the structures you observed on the slide. What are some unique structural features of cardiac muscle? Cardiac muscle is striated and uniquely structured to function in a muscle that is used approximately 70 times a minute, 24 hours a day, and 365 days a year for an average of 80 years. Cardiac muscle is branched, not linear like skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has alternating thick (myosin) and thin (actin) protein filaments which are the sliding filaments. These are the two primary proteins that build the cardiac fiber which is called a myofibril. When viewed under the microscope, also seen are the darker lines perpendicular to the muscle fiber which divide the cardiac muscle. These are the intercalated disks. These structures enable transmission of muscle contraction signals. The intercalated disk allows the rapid propagation of the muscle action potential which enables the myocardium to contract together and allows for ventricular synchrony. The heart must work continuously. That is why it has an abundance of mitochondria in the myocardium. In fact, approximately 50% of the myocardium is mitochondria. These structures are the cellular power generators for the cells. They enable constant aerobic respiration which supplies energy to the myocardial cell for constant function. What are intercalated discs and what do they do? The intercalated disks enable transmission of muscle contraction signals. The disks allow for the rapid propagation of the muscle action potential which enables the myocardium to contract together and allows for ventricular synchrony. Why does cardiac muscle have to be both elastic and strong? The human heart must be elastic as well as strong in order to meet the needs of the human body. The elasticity of the atria and ventricles is important in order to accommodate the preload that is essential to trigger the stretch of the myofibrils that is inherent in contractility and vital for cardiac output or the ejection of blood. When an individual participates in exercise and has a faster heart rate, the chambers must dilate (or stretch) to accommodate the returning volumes in order to meet the greater need for oxygen in the exercising muscles. As the heart returns to normal resting rates, these dilated chambers return to their normal size. Chronic chamber dilation (or cardiomyopathy) can be detrimental to the function of the heart and result in decreased pumping, loss of forward flow as well as heart failure. Contractility of the actin and myosin fiber is an inherent property of cardiac muscle. But strength of contractility is important to overcome afterload. Afterload is defined as the force that is needed to overcome aortic pressure for cardiac ejection of stroke volume. Afterload is increased in the presence of sustained diastolic hypertension. Over a period of years this continual increase in the work of the heart will lead to hypertrophy of the ventricular muscle and not only will strength of contraction be lost but increased oxygen consumption will be detrimental to the myocardium and may result in angina or infarction. D. Which of the three layers of the heart did the tissue used to make your slide originate from? The slide was made from the myocardium or muscle tissue. Activity 2: The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Draw a diagram showing pulmonary and systemic circulation. Color the deoxygenated side blue and the oxygenated side red. Use a regular pencil to draw arrows to indicate blood flow. Questions: Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Begin in the right atrium and end in the superior/inferior vena cava. Be sure to list every vessel, heart chamber, and heart valve the blood flows through. Blood flow through the heart begins with the returning deoxygenated systemic bolus into the right atrium. Passively it flows through the low pressure atrioventricular tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. As pressures equalize, the tricuspid valve closes. In the right ventricle, this bolus is pressurized isometrically and then ejected through the low pressure semilunar pulmonic valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries. The bolus then travels through the pulmonary arteries into the pulmonary arterioles and capillaries until it is in single file in the capillary at the alveolar-pulmonary basement membrane. At this point the red blood cell transverses the capillary lengthwise in order to present a greater surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Now the oxygenated red blood cell travels through the pulmonary capillary bed into the pulmonary venules and into the pulmonary veins. Through the pulmonary veins, of which there can be 3 to 5, the blood enters into the left atrium ( there are no valves in the pulmonary veins, unlike other veins, and the bolus of blood is pushed forward by the continual movement of blood from the right atrium and ventricle ) . Again passively the bolus of blood flows through the higher pressure mitral valve into the left ventricle. As the pressures again equalize, the mitral valve closes. As the bolus of blood, now known as left ventricular end diastolic volume or more correctly preload, is pressurized again isometrically, the pressure of the aorta (afterload) is exceeded and ejection occurs though the semilunar high pressure aortic valve and into the aorta. The oxygenated blood now travels through the aorta for dispersal to all the organs and tissues of the body for oxygenation and removal of the cellular waste product, carbon dioxide. From the aorta, blood travels into the smaller arteries, arterioles and eventually the various capillary beds. After the O2 and CO2 exchange occurs at the cellular level, the deoxygenated blood travels from the capillary beds into the venules, veins and eventually into the vena cava. The vena cava returns the deoxygenated blood into the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava vessels. And the process continues as long as the heart beats. Explain what you learned from the online human heart dissection. I must truthfully state that I did not gain any new information from this exercise. I have been an RN for almost 40 years and my primary area of practice is critical care. One of my areas of expertise is cardiology. I have been certified in critical care (CCRN) for 36 years and I am also cardiac medicine certified (CMC) by my national organization. However, it was interesting and a very nice review. Activity 3: Sheep Heart Dissection/Fetal Pig Comparison Questions: Compare the structure of the fetal pig and sheep heart. How are they similar? How are they different? Except for the differences in size, I did not note many differences between the sheep heart and the fetal pig heart. They are similar in that their construction is a 2 chambered atria and ventricle and there is similar vasculature. I did note that the fetal pig heart showed similar muscle mass of both the right and left ventricles. The left ventricle had not increased in myocardial muscle mass yet as the heart had not needed to be the sole source of power for perfusion. After birth, I believe that the left ventricle will increase in mass as seen in both the sheep heart and the human heart. Why is the heart referred to as a double pump? The human heart is referred to as a double pump because of the differences needed to handle systemic return and peripheral forward flow. The right heart is a lower pressure system and blood enters passively, driven by the left ventricular ejection force. This blood enters into the lower pressure pulmonary system, where pulmonary arterial systolic pressure is comparable to right ventricular systolic pressure. The left side of the heart is a much higher pressure system. As the blood leaves the left ventricle, it is at a much higher pressure due to the need to overcome the afterload of the aorta. (Systemic vascular resistance.) Because of this increased need, the left myocardium is considerably thicker than the right ventricle. Additionally, because of this increased muscle mass, during the sustained contraction phase (consistent with the ST segment in the electrical tracing), there is much higher oxygen consumption in the left ventricle. This predisposes the left ventricle to more cardiac issues such as angina, infarction, myopathies, hypertrophies and sudden death due to electrical disturbances. There are four valves in the heart. Name each valve, list its location and give its function. The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid, the pulmonic, the mitral and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atria and right ventricle. It is a low pressure atrioventricular valve and its job is to prevent back flow or regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle during systole or contraction The pulmonic valve is a semilunar cusped valve located in the ostium of the trunk of the pulmonary artery which takes off from the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts and blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery, the pulmonic valve closes as the pressures are equalized. The cusp like structure helps to push blood forward. With the valve closed there should be no regurgitation from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, this time during diastole as the dilation of the ventricle creates a vacuum to enhance diastolic filling from the atrium. The mitral valve is a bicuspid or 2 leaflet atrioventricular valve. It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. As the left heart is a higher pressure system, the mitral valve must be able to withstand greater pressures. During the contraction of the left ventricle, closure of the mitral valve prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricle into the left atrium. The mitral valve, as well as the tricuspid valve, is attached to the ventricular walls by chordae tendinea and papillary muscles. During infarctions of the left anterior ventricular wall, these structures can become ischemic and lead to mitral valve dysfunction, further complicating the infarction. The aortic valve is located at the root of the aorta at its junction with the left ventricle. It is a high pressure, cusped, semilunar valve that must withstand tremendous pressures during left ventricular ejection. Again, if the valve becomes incompetent, blood can flow back into the left ventricle during systole (ejection). This can lead to ventricular overload and pulmonary vascular congestion as well as forward perfusion issues. Both ostia of the coronary arteries are located at the aortic valve near the sinuses of Valsalva. If ventricular ejection is decreased either through poor contractility or incompetent aortic valve, coronary artery perfusion can be affected. Compare the left and right sides of the dissected heart. What differences do you see? When the dissected human heart is laid flat, both atria and ventricles can be seen. In this view, it is very obvious how much more muscular the left ventricle and even the left atrium is, when compared to the right side of the heat. The interventricular septum bows slightly into the right ventricle. The left ventricular chamber is larger in size and the left atrium is also larger In the right and left ventricles you can see the papillary muscles and chordae tendinea that attach the tricuspid and mitral valves to the interventricular wall. In the right ventricle there are trabeculae, light finger like projections that are not readily noted in the left ventricle. Compare and contrast the functions of the atria and the ventricles. Both atria are receiving chambers, with the left larger and more muscular than the right. The right atrium receives systemic, deoxygenated blood from the superior and the inferior vena cava and deoxygenated cardiac blood from the coronary sinus. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit via the multiple pulmonary veins in the left lateral wall. The right atrium is also the home of the heartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s electrical system. The sino-atrial node (SA node) is located in the roof of the right atrium and is the primary pacemaker of the heart maintaining an inherent rhythm and rate of between 60 and 100 beats per minute. In the floor of the right atrium, near the junction of the atrium and the interventricular muscular septum is the atrioventricular node. The AV node or junction is a backup pacemaker of the heart, designed to come in as an escape mechanism if the SA node fails as can happen in cardiac disease or sometimes drug induced mechanisms. The junctio n is designed to only run the heart when it does not receive the SA nodal signal and so its intrinsic rate is 40 to 60. There is an automatic pause built in between the electrical signal of the SA node and the firing of the AV node and this is known as the AV interval. This slight pause is sufficient to allow the final filling of the ventricles before systole. The waveform generated with SA nodal firing causes the right atrium to contract and push the remaining blood into the right ventricle. This contribution to ventricular filling is known as atrial kick and can be extremely important to individuals with limited cardiac reserve. There are conduction pathways running through the right atrium and over to the left atrium but the atrium does not have any electrical nodes similar to the right atrium. In abnormal rhythms such as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, there are sometimes aberrant pathways in the left atrium that contribute to these dysrhythmias. They are occasionally treated with ablation therapy and scarring of the atrial wall. Both ventricles are pumping chambers but the left is the more massive and more vital of the two. The right chamber receives the preload initially and if it is diseased or injured, its dysfunction can severely impact the left sided filling and cardiac output. The left ventricle is 2 to 3 times more muscular that the right and even thought the ventricles work in harmony, the leftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job is ejection and perfusion to the organs and tissues. The predominance of the coronary artery system is located on the left ventricle and the majority of coronary artery disease involves the left ventricle. Where is the myocardium located? The myocardium is the inner muscular layer of the heart, located between the epicardium and the endocardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer and is formed by the pericardium folding back onto itself at the aorta. Inflammation of this lining can cause pericarditis. The endocardium is the epithelial lining of the inside of the heart and includes all the structures internally. The endocardium also has an endocrine function, secreting endocardin which helps to sustain contraction. Infarctions can involve the endocardium and previously were known as subendocardial infarctions but are now call non-stemis. (Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarctions.) Additionally, bacteria from peripherally inserted central lines or IV drug abuse or even dental disease can cause infections of the endocardium called endocarditis. The myocardium is the muscle mass that is involved in stretch and contraction. When there is a disruption of oxygen to an area of myocardium, it is referred to as a myocardial infarction (Stemi) Death of the tissue with subsequent ventricular dysfunction can result if oxygenation is not restored. How does the heart supply blood to its own cells? The heart needs a continuous and rich source of oxygenated blood. None of the blood that is pumped through the left chambers oxygenates the heart. The hearts source of oxygen comes from the coronary artery system. These vessels lay on the epicardium of the heart and through collaterals and perforators supply the myocardium with oxygen rich blood. The left coronary artery arises at the left Sinus of Valsalva on the aortic valve. It travels a short distance across the left atrium behind the pulmonary artery, which protects it from any external trauma, caudally towards the left ventricle and is known as the left main. Any significant disruption of flow at this level through stenosis or thrombus can cause sudden cardiac death. As the left main emerges from behind the pulmonary artery, it becomes known as the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). This artery travels from the atrium to the apex of the left ventricle, giving off significant branches and lies in the interventricular sulcus directly overlying the ventricular septum. When you look at the human heart and notice the heavy streak of fat running across the anterior wall of the left ventricle, you are looking at the protective covering of fat for the LAD as it lies in the interventricular sulcus. When the left main changes to the LAD, there is another branch given off that runs circumferentially between the left ventricle and the left atrium. This is known as the Circumflex and also lies in a groove known as the atrioventricular groove and is protected also by a fat pad. On occasion there is a 3rd branching that arises at this area known as the Ramus or Intermediate branch. Arising from the LAD are diagonals that cross the anterior surface of the left ventricle from the IV sulcus to the left lateral aspect of the left ventricle. The LAD also gives rise to a group of vessels known as septal perforators that perforate the anterior aspect of the muscular septum. The LAD crosses over the apex and turns upward for a short distance on the inferior aspect of the left ventricle. The Circumflex travels around the left ventricle and terminates on the inferior aspect of the left ventricle not far from the right ventricle in branches referred to as the muscular branches. As the Circumflex travels around the heart, there are branches that arise and travel caudally and laterally across the left ventricle. These 3 branches are referred to as the obtuse marginals. The Right Coronary Artery (RCA) arises of the right Sinus of Valsalva on the right side of the aorta. The RCA lies in the same atrioventricular sulcus that the Circumflex lies in as it travels between the right atrium and the right ventricle. When the RCA reaches the division between the anterior aspect of the right ventricle and the inferior aspect of the left ventricle, there is a large branch that comes off the RCA and travels laterally towards the LAD. This is referred to as the Acute Marginal branch of the RCA and feeds the right ventricle. Near the ostium of the RCA, there is a small lateral branch that is important for collateral feed to the LAD, known as the conus branch. As the RCA traverses the right ventricle branches known as muscular branches supply additional blood to the right ventricle. Having turned and been protected behind the inferior vena cava for a short distance, the RCA is now traveling on the inferior wall of the left ventricle. When it reaches the point where it would be over the interventricular septum, it makes a 90 degree turn and heads towards the apex of the left ventricle. At this time it is now referred to as the Posterior Descending Coronary Artery of the Right Coronary Artery (PDA). There is a mirror sulcus here called the posterior IV sulcus to protect the PDA. Just like on the LAD, the PDA gives off septal perforators that feed the posterior portion of the interventricular septum. The electrical system of the heart is feed predominately by the RCA as 60% of the time the SA Nodal artery arises off the PDA near this 90% turn and is a perforator type of artery. The AV Nodal artery, as a perforator, arises from the PDA directly at this angle, which is known as the Crux. Collaterals exist from birth and are widespread across the anterior surface of the left ventricle as well as the inferior surface. As we age ,they begin to develop and gain importance for cardiac blood flow when the other major coronary vessels develop atherosclerotic disease and stenosis. Coronary blood flow is on the supply and demand system. When another organ has an increased need for oxygen, (for instance, the colon) the heart rate increases to meet that demand. In the heart, however, the supply is meet internally through the perforators and smaller capillaries that run a small distance into the myocardium. The best filling of the perforators and capillaries is during diastole or rest. During systole, they are compacted by the muscles in which they lie. As the coronaries receive flow both during systole and passively during diastole, it is to the hearts advantage to not be tachycardia.